AXIM Eye Research Library

AXIM’s diagnostics tools are scientifically-supported by some of the most cutting edge researchers in the space. Explore some of this research below.

Dry Eye Questionnaire 

In case you are in need of a Dry Eye questionnaire, we have provided a link below to download one for use in your clinic. 

Lactoferrin Research

Role of lactoferrin in the tear film

he surface of the eye provides an inert barrier against infection. Through its unique combination of antimicrobial action and anti-inflammatory activities lactoferrin (Lf) in the tear film plays an important role in the maintenance of ocular health.

Therapeutic Effects of Lactoferrin in Ocular Diseases

The present review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical applications of lactoferrin in ocular diseases.

Tear Film Biomarkers in Dry Eye Disease

Tear lactoferrin levels in patients with external inflammatory ocular disease

Lactoferrin, an iron complexing protein in normal tears, is an important component of the nonspecific host defense system of the external eye.

Lactoferrin—an Iron-Binding Glycoprotein on First-Line Defense in the Innate Immune System

While lactoferrin is one of the iron-binding proteins and cooperates with others in iron metabolism activities, which are necessary for producing energy, transporting/storing oxygen, and detoxifying from drugs, lactoferrin plays a major defense role that does not necessarily depend on its iron-binding function.

Lactoferrin Concentration in Human Tears and Ocular Diseases

Purpose: To evaluate the potential of lactoferrin (Lf) as a diagnostic biomarker for ocular diseases using a meta-analytic approach. Conclusions: The results of the current meta-analysis suggest that Lf level in tears is a good candidate as dry eye syndrome diagnostic biomarker.

Mass spectrometry analysis of human tear fluid biomarkers specific for ocular and systemic diseases in the context of 3P medicine

Over the last two decades, a large number of non-communicable/chronic disorders reached an epidemic level on a global scale such as diabetes mellitus type 2, cardio-vascular disease, several types of malignancies, neurological and eye pathologies—all exerted system’s enormous socio-economic burden to primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare.

The relationship between dry eye and lactoferrin levels in tears

Dry eye is a common ophthalmic problem and lactoferrin (LF) is one of the most important components of the immune system. Preliminary findings have suggested that LF concentration in tears may be linked to the risk of dry eye

Tear Lactoferrin and Lysozyme as Clinically Relevant Biomarkers of Mucosal Immune Competence

Tears have attracted interest as a minimally-invasive biological fluid from which to assess biomarkers. Lactoferrin (Lf) and lysozyme (Lys) are abundant in the tear fluid and have antimicrobial properties. Since the eye is a portal for infection transmission, assessment of immune status at the ocular surface may be clinically relevant.

A novel and innovative paper-based analytical device for assessing tear lactoferrin of dry eye patients

Purpose: To elucidate the correlation between lactoferrin concentration in the tear film and signs and symptoms of severe dry eye disease (DED) using a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Tear Lactoferrin and Features of Ocular Allergy in Different Severities of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Meibomian gland dysfunction, but not atrophy, was associated with lower tear lactoferrin concentration, greater dry eye, and allergic symptoms, indicating greater inflammation and discomfort in patients with lower meibomian gland expressibility.

IgE and non-specific Allergic Conjunctivitis Research

Total Tear IgE Levels Correlate with Allergenic and Irritating Environmental Exposures in Individuals with Dry Eye

Dry eye (DE) and allergic conjunctivitis may present similarly, and it remains unclear whether some individuals have an underlying allergic component to their DE. To better understand this relationship, we performed a cross-sectional study in 75 individuals with DE symptoms and/or signs. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in tear samples were quantified and home environmental exposures assessed via standardized survey. Tears were collected by Schirmer strip, and total tear IgE levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Tear Lactoferrin and Features of Ocular Allergy in Different Severities of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Meibomian gland dysfunction, but not atrophy, was associated with lower tear lactoferrin concentration, greater dry eye, and allergic symptoms, indicating greater inflammation and discomfort in patients with lower meibomian gland expressibility.

Allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye syndrome

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and dry eye syndrome (DES) are 2 of the most common anterior inflammatory disorders of the ocular surface and one does not preclude the coexistence of the othe

Allergic conjunctivitis: a comprehensive review of the literature

Ocular allergy represents one of the most common conditions encountered by allergists and ophthalmologists. Allergic conjunctivitis is often underdiagnosed and consequently undertreated. Basic and clinical research has provided a better understanding of the cells, mediators, and immunologic events, which occur in ocular allergy.

Tear IgE concentrations in allergic conjunctivitis

Tear IgE has been considered to play an important role in allergic conjunctivitis and the measurement of tear IgE concentrations can help to diagnose this condition. Locally produced IgE levels have been shown to be the largest contributor to the severity of allergic conjunctivitis.

Total IgE in tears reflects seasonal allergic conjunctivitis severity, prognosis

Providers can measure total IgE levels in tears to rapidly and immediately diagnose seasonal allergic conjunctivitis in addition to predicting its severity and prognosis, according to a study published in Clinical and Translational Allergy.

Total IgE in tears accurately reflects the severity and predicts the prognosis of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

Although immunoglobulin E (IgE) increases significantly in tears and serum during seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), it is unclear whether tear total IgE can reflect the severity and prognosis of SAC more accurately than serum total IgE. We aimed to investigate the usefulness of measuring the total IgE in tears to evaluate the severity and determine the treatment of SAC.

Correlation of tear film-specific immunoglobulin E assay with the skin prick test in allergic conjunctivitis

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation and validity of tear film allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in relation to the skin prick test in diagnosing different types of allergic conjunctivitis.

Allergic conjunctivitis: a comprehensive review of
the literature

Ocular allergy represents one of the most common conditions encountered by allergists and ophthalmologists. Allergic conjunctivitis is often underdiagnosed and consequently undertreated. Basic and clinical research has provided a better understanding of the cells, mediators, and immunologic events, which occur in ocular allergy.

Total Tear IgE Levels Correlate with Allergenic and Irritating Environmental Exposures in Individuals with Dry Eye

Dry eye (DE) and allergic conjunctivitis may present similarly, and it remains unclear whether some individuals have an underlying allergic component to their DE. To better understand this relationship, we performed a cross-sectional study in 75 individuals with DE symptoms and/or signs.

Lactoferrin and IgE Testing- Experience

Incorporating lactoferrin and immunoglobin testin

While ophthalmic diagnostic lab tests-specifically those targeting ocular surface disorders-have been around for over 20 years, it is only within the past five years that they have begun to gain measurable use.

Contact Lens patient with IgE and Low Lactoferrin

Tear lactoferrin levels in patients with external inflammatory ocular disease

Lactoferrin, an iron complexing protein in normal tears, is an important component of the nonspecific host defense system of the external eye. We measured tear lactoferrin levels in patients with contact lens-induced giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis

 

Every spring, there is one constant we see in our chairs: seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. The incidence of ocular allergy has been on the rise for the past two decades in both developed and developing nations, with some reports suggesting a prevalence of 20-40% of the population.1,2

Relationship between refraction and allergic conjunctivitis

 

External allergens are the main causative factor in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases; however, little is known about internal factors such as the biometrical structure of the eye. We investigated the relationship between refractive error and allergic conjunctivitis in order to reveal possible insights into the pathogenesis in 1015 subjects.

All About Eye Allergy: The Itch, the Blur and Condition Confusion

 

Five of every six people who suffer from allergic disease report eye-related symptoms, including watery or itchy eyes, with half of those calling the disturbance moderate to severe. In the midst of allergy season, an estimated 20 percent of contact lens wearers discontinue their use..

Cataract Surgery and Dry Eye Disease

Cataract surgery and dry eye disease: A review

Publications identified included systematic reviews, meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case series and laboratory-based studies. Published data highlighting the burden of DED both prior and following cataract surgery were reviewed as well as studies highlighting the effects of cataract surgery on the ocular surface, intra-operative measures to reduce deleterious effects on the ocular surface and current evidence on the management options of post-operative DED.

The Impact of Dry Eye on Cataract and Refractive Surgery

Tear film quality is the most important factor to achieve high-quality visual outcomes in refractive and cataract surgery, thus its assessment and managing cornerstone to deliver the excellent visual results the patients expect.